Software :: How To Minimize Swap Usage
May 13, 2011
We have several clusters used for high performance computing. The cluster nodes have 48GB memory and on each there is 2GB swap available. What I would like to avoid is the usage of swap as long as there is enough free memory or empty the swap as soon as there is a free memory. I thought that this could be achieved by setting the swapiness to 0, but although it helped a bit, it still didn't solve the problem completely. Even with swapiness set to 0, my memory usage looks like this:
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 48264 35534 12730 0 19 99
-/+ buffers/cache: 35416 12848
Swap: 2055 1286 768
So the system is using ~1.2GB of swap even if there's ~12.7GB free memory.
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Nov 29, 2010
I'm using slackware about a month now and two days ago I checked to see the usage of my RAM and I saw that there was no swap, no used, no total, nothing! (how can this be?) swap -s returned nothing, I checked fstab and there was swap there so I entered the line about swap:
"UUID=6ea9269a-6bf7-4486-b481-a54dd3bde314 none swap sw 0 0"
I believe it' s correct. I checked after restart with "free" and the total was ok but used is 0. I copied about 5 GB to see what would happen and still nothing. RAM was nearly full but still no swap used!
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Mar 13, 2010
I have a netbook and one of the suggested optimizations was to reduce the use of swap.I've noticed on my desktop and conventional laptop that it is quite usual for the swap file to be used even when memory usage is low (25% of available memory).I'm looking for some advise on the best way to set up a conventional desktop or laptop as my understanding is that the use of a swap file will slow the system responsiveness down. Can I use a version of the above to improve performance and reduce swap usage?
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Aug 21, 2010
How to reduce the cached swap from the server?
[root@CMS-UAT ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 7985 4146 3839 0 3 2300
-/+ buffers/cache: 1842 6143
Swap: 12479 4721 7758
[root@CMS-UAT ~]#
My server is showing swap usage of 4.7 GB.
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Jan 1, 2011
I have Ubuntu 10.04 installed on my PC with 1GB of RAM and 3GB of Swap partition. But the machine gets hung or reboots itself when the usage is even marginally higher. This is the output of "free -m" for Swap:
Swap: 2908 11 2897
I have tried increasing the swappiness to 80, and this not made any difference. I believe the RAM is taking up all the load and none of the pages are going in to the swap. Hence the slow response and the frequent hung system. I know this is an old PC but Windows XP (installed on another HDD) runs way better on the same configuration.
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May 31, 2011
No matter what I do, the SWAP usage remains zero all the time. Is there anything I am missing? In the following case (see attached screenshot) I am running make on the kernel that I downloaded. The CPU usage is understandable. But what is the use of Swap when its never used. [URL]. I am on Kubuntu natty. My partitions are as follows:
Kamesh@Galaxy:~$ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] password for:
Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x88fa88fa
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 9615 77232456 7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda2 9616 19458 79056897 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 9616 18960 75057152 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 18960 19458 3998720 82 Linux swap / Solaris
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Jul 21, 2011
Just noticed from the "top" command that one of my least heavily used box is swapping excessivly by a program called setroubleshootd. Following is the top section of the "top" command sorted by Swap used for both boxes. Also tried checking it out to see if there's a "service setroubleshootd restart" but when I checked the status I got the following.
Code:
[root]# service setroubleshootd status
setroubleshootd: unrecognized service
Lightly loaded box with lots of swapping
Code:
Tasks: 85 total, 2 running, 83 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 98.0%id, 1.7%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 1026880k total, 983528k used, 43352k free, 59604k buffers
Swap: 2064376k total, 355692k used, 1708684k free, 121996k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ SWAP COMMAND
3319 root 15 0 1202m 665m 5748 S 0.0 66.3 23:29.99 537m setroubleshootd
3845 root 34 19 253m 14m 2188 S 0.0 1.5 0:34.41 238m yum-updatesd
3841 gdm 16 0 216m 5300 4236 S 0.0 0.5 0:00.15 211m gdmgreeter
3822 root 18 0 190m 2208 1568 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.00 187m gdm-binary
3824 root 15 0 185m 3948 3236 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.11 181m gdm-rh-security
3725 root 16 0 163m 2532 1920 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.00 161m gdm-binary
3500 root 18 0 130m 2140 1240 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.00 128m cupsd
Heavily used box with little swapping
Code:
Tasks: 118 total, 4 running, 113 sleeping, 0 stopped, 1 zombie
Cpu(s): 4.7%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 94.7%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 2059580k total, 1928356k used, 131224k free, 162032k buffers
Swap: 4095992k total, 12k used, 4095980k free, 1336632k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ SWAP COMMAND
3842 root 34 19 253m 17m 2196 S 0.0 0.9 0:34.20 235m yum-updatesd
3284 root 15 0 301m 77m 6004 S 0.0 3.9 2:23.30 223m setroubleshootd
3840 gdm 16 0 216m 16m 7064 S 0.0 0.8 0:00.43 199m gdmgreeter
3814 root 18 0 190m 2352 1644 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 187m gdm-binary
3816 root 15 0 185m 4112 3384 S 0.0 0.2 0:02.90 181m gdm-rh-security
3724 root 15 0 163m 2588 1976 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.00 161m gdm-binary
3465 root 18 0 141m 14m 1824 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.06 127m cupsd
12799 daemon 18 0 103m 3708 648 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.00 100m httpd
12396 daemon 15 0 112m 13m 3440 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.99 98m httpd
3556 root 18 0 103m 5260 2208 S 0.0 0.3 0:37.68 98m httpd
11778 daemon 15 0 117m 19m 3144 S 2.3 1.0 0:01.76 98m httpd
12750 daemon 15 0 106m 9096 2860 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.04 97m httpd
12673 daemon 15 0 110m 12m 2876 S 0.0 0.6 0:00.23 97m httpd
12693 daemon 15 0 110m 13m 2876 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.18 97m httpd
12666 daemon 15 0 105m 8132 2888 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.19 97m httpd
12729 daemon 15 0 112m 15m 2968 S 0.0 0.8 0:00.11 97m httpd
12588 daemon 15 0 110m 12m 2984 S 0.0 0.6 0:00.54 97m httpd
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Mar 2, 2009
For some reason, if I leave my Linux box running for several days, the swap space and RAM slowly fill up until my system is so slow that it takes around 15 seconds just to open a new tab if Firefox (Iceweasel, specifically). I have 512GB RAM and almost a gig of swap; how on earth does it fill up so much? Even if I close all my programs, there's still over 600MB swap used and all RAM is full. I've included a screenshot of 'top' running just about two minutes after I closed all my running programs.
(Before I closed it, I had only 71MB swap free.) I know that Linux is supposed to make good usage of RAM, but isn't this over the top? Is there a way to force it to use only required memory with no or little extras kept in RAM? Just thought I'd add in the fact that I'm running Xfce as opposed to KDE or GNOME in an attempt to have a smoother running system on my old hardware. Also, what's the "VIRT" column?
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Oct 2, 2009
I am running Apache 2.2.3 on a CentOS release 5.3 (Final) with 100 Sites. I've notice that Apache is making my server Swap around 200 MBs.
"http://www.xxx.yyy.zzz/server-status" doesn't show me too much to, so I am looking the behavior of specific httpd process.
ProcessID "18753" is the one for "http://www.xxx.yyy.zzz/server-status" in my browser.
This command show me (In KBs) how much virtual memory is that specific process using:
# /etc/init.d/httpd start
# grep Private_Dirty /proc/18753/smaps | awk '{ print $2 }' | xargs ruby -e 'puts ARGV.inject { |i, j| i.to_i + j.to_i }'
3012
... Running this command a lot of times it gives me the same output, but suddenly...
# grep Private_Dirty /proc/18753/smaps | awk '{ print $2 }' | xargs ruby -e 'puts ARGV.inject { |i, j| i.to_i + j.to_i }'
21708
Something make that process (and all the others httpd process too) to use a lot more memory!
Part of my httpd.conf:
# Timeout 120
KeepAlive On
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100
KeepAliveTimeout 3
<IfModule prefork.c>
StartServers 5
MinSpareServers 5
MaxSpareServers 20
ServerLimit 256
MaxClients 256
MaxRequestsPerChild 100
</IfModule>
<IfModule worker.c>
StartServers 2
MaxClients 150
MinSpareThreads 25
MaxSpareThreads 75
ThreadsPerChild 25
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
</IfModule> #
My server is running Mysql 5.1.34, vsftpd 2.0.5, BIND 9.3.4-P1 (as slave). I couldn't found anything running in the specific time that httpd processes start to use that much memory.
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Dec 18, 2009
My monitor tools indicate that the percentage of swap used is more than the ideal , so I want to calculate which process is consuming from the swap. I tried the following but it didn't help be 100%
#ps -eo vsz,rss,pid,args | sort -n
How to accurately calculate which process consuming from swap, just the swap no ram + swap!
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Jan 10, 2011
On one of my servers the "free" command tells me that a lot of swap space are in use. What I'd like to do is to determine which processes have been swapped out. I tried issuing "top" and sort by the "swap" column, but this doesn't seem to provide correct values - when performing the same excersize on another server with close to no pages swapped out, the sum when adding the swap value for each process greatly exceeds the swap usage reported by "free". So how do I go about determining the swap space used for individual processes?
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Dec 10, 2010
Nagios had alerted me that the server had a very high load average exceeding the critical level (17+), when logging onto the server I found that all 4GB of the swap was in use despite the fact that there was 15GB+ of free memory (and that's not even including memory from cache and buffers!) Because it seems all heavily used pages were being stored in swap, the I/O wait on the server became very high, and 4 kswapd daemons were taking up nearly 100% available CPU. This did coincide with an error reported by Bacula during a backup job while changing to a bad tape...
From /var/log/bacula.log:
Code:
10-Dec 02:11 bacula-sd JobId 1898: End of medium on Volume "4097" Bytes=434,170,000,000 Blocks=217,084 at 10-Dec-2010 02:11.
10-Dec 02:11 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 4097, drive 0" command.
10-Dec 02:12 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3301 Issuing autochanger "loaded? drive 0" command.
10-Dec 02:12 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3302 Autochanger "loaded? drive 0", result: nothing loaded.
10-Dec 02:12 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 4096, drive 0" command.
10-Dec 02:13 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3305 Autochanger "load slot 4096, drive 0", status is OK.
10-Dec 02:13 bacula-sd JobId 1898: Volume "4096" previously written, moving to end of data.
10-Dec 03:51 bacula-sd JobId 1898: Error: Unable to position to end of data on device "Tape-1" (/dev/IBMtape0n): ERR=dev.c:1384 read e
rror on "Tape-1" (/dev/IBMtape0n). ERR=Input/output error.
10-Dec 03:51 bacula-sd JobId 1898: Marking Volume "4096" in Error in Catalog.
10-Dec 03:51 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3307 Issuing autochanger "unload slot 4096, drive 0" command.
10-Dec 03:58 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3301 Issuing autochanger "loaded? drive 0" command.
10-Dec 03:58 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3302 Autochanger "loaded? drive 0", result: nothing loaded.
10-Dec 03:58 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3304 Issuing autochanger "load slot 4098, drive 0" command.
10-Dec 03:58 bacula-sd JobId 1898: 3305 Autochanger "load slot 4098, drive 0", status is OK.
10-Dec 03:59 bacula-sd JobId 1898: Wrote label to prelabeled Volume "4098" on device "Tape-1" (/dev/IBMtape0n)
10-Dec 03:59 bacula-sd JobId 1898: New volume "4098" mounted on device "Tape-1" (/dev/IBMtape0n) at 10-Dec-2010 03:59.
At the same time, these messages starting occuring in /var/log/messages:
Code:
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Mem-info:
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Node 0 DMA per-cpu:
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 0 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 0 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 1 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 1 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 2 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 2 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 3 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 3 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 4 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 4 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 5 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 5 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 6 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 6 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 7 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 7 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Node 0 DMA32 per-cpu:
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 0 hot: high 186, batch 31 used:162
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 0 cold: high 62, batch 15 used:48
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 1 hot: high 186, batch 31 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 1 cold: high 62, batch 15 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 2 hot: high 186, batch 31 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 2 cold: high 62, batch 15 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 3 hot: high 186, batch 31 used:18
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 3 cold: high 62, batch 15 used:0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 4 hot: high 186, batch 31 used:159
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: cpu 4 cold: high 62, batch 15 used:56
...
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Node 3 HighMem per-cpu: empty
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Free pages: 732052kB (0kB HighMem)
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Active:4232128 inactive:3071288 dirty:158210 writeback:0 unstable:0 free:183320 slab:256840 mapped-file:289545 mapped-anon:3805487 pagetables:13063
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Node 0 DMA free:10796kB min:4kB low:4kB high:4kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:10356kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? yes
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 3512 9067 9067
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Node 0 DMA32 free:213332kB min:2500kB low:3124kB high:3748kB active:1794108kB inactive:1463220kB present:3596296kB pages_scanned:64 all_unreclaimable? no
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 5555 5555
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Node 0 Normal free:41028kB min:3952kB low:4940kB high:5928kB active:3409444kB inactive:1471120kB present:5688320kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Node 0 HighMem free:0kB min:128kB low:128kB high:128kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Dec 10 03:51:47 07 kernel: Node 1 DMA free:0kB min:0kB low:0kB high:0kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
...
Well to cut a long story short, I fixed the problem by disabling the swap partition with 'swapoff'. After about 30 mins all the swap was freed and the server went back to normal. I don't dare reactivate the swap partition and unfortunately as this is a live server which currently has no fail over, I can't reboot either
Server Spec:
4 * Dual-Core AMD Opteron(tm) Processor 8214
32GB DDR2 ECC RAM
RHEL 5.5, 2.6.18-194.11.3.el5 SMP x86_64
Running many KVM VMs (All CentOS x64) and kksmd is used.
bacula-dir Version: 5.0.0
IBM Tape Drive using lin_tape module version 1.34.0 according to modinfo
And before anybody asks
# sysctl vm.swappiness
vm.swappiness = 10
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Mar 9, 2011
I was trying to have a go at installing MAC on my dell alongside Ub and W7. I copied the grub2 to the first part of my sda5 so as to put the mac loader in MBR.I have since repaired grub2 back to MBR.But now my beloved Ubuntu starts up then continuosly increases RAM usage till 90% then SWAP 90% even when no application is running!!
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Mar 20, 2011
Does one need to Check the Swap filesystem, from time to time
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Dec 7, 2010
Lucid on an Acer Travelmate800.Can anyone tell me why I have 0k for swap space? I allocated swap which I can see in my Disk Utility's 'volumes' display.
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Aug 16, 2010
RAM for older machines like I use is fairly cheap these days. But flash memory is just as cheap or cheaper. So I'd like to ask about the feasibility of expanding my system's memory using flash memory. And about whether creating a partition for swap on the flash memory, or whether a swap file on the flash device, is the better way to go.
By flash memory I have in mind mainly USB sticks or what are sometimes called "pen drives." But I do also have CF and SD cards that, with the proper cheap adapter (one of which I already own for adapting CF) could be used to create extra swap space. So, what is the current consensus on the feasibility/advisability of using flash memory for swap? I've read about the limited write cycles of flash being an argument against using it for swap. But recent reading indicates to me that the limited write cycles problem applies mostly to older, smaller-capacity flash memory. Some will come out and say that, for larger-capacity flash memory, the life of the device is likely to exceed the amount of time your current computer will be useful (I think I've seen estimates in the range of 3-4 years life--minimum--for newer, higher-capacity flash memory).
A more persuasive argument I've heard against using flash memory for swap is that access times for these devices can be much slower than SATA, and maybe even IDE, hard drives. That would certainly dictate against using flash memory for swap.
So, how about some input on this issue? Anyone using flash memory for swap? If so, what kind (e.g., usb stick or SD/CF)? Are you using a swap file or a swap partition? How's system performance? Likewise, has anyone had flash-memory-used-as-swap die on them? The consequences would undoubtedly be dire. Also, has anyone measured flash memory access times to confirm or refute claims about slow access times? Are some types of flash memory better/worse than others in terms of access times?
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Mar 15, 2010
I was trying to get the status of memory usage and disk usage using sigar in windows and ubuntu. done this in windows by just copying the sigar library into jdk library. But i was unable to do so in ubuntu. I've copied the library to java-6-sun library but still can't run the program.
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Dec 10, 2010
I'm running into a problem where my system is running out of disk space on the root partition, but I can't figure out where the runaway usage is. I've had a stable system for a couple of years now, and it just ran out of space. I cleaned some files up to get the system workable again, but can't find the big usage area, and I'm getting conflicting results.For example, when I do a df it says I'm using 44GB out of 58 GB:
Code:
[root@Zion ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
[code]....
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Nov 15, 2010
Is there any way to monitor one process' CPU usage and RAM usage over time on Linux? I am trying to change to a cheaper VPS and need to work out what level of CPU and RAM I need!
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Feb 19, 2010
I know it's possible, but does anyone have a URL or tutorial on how to do this?
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Jan 13, 2009
I am sure that all of us know the result of top command in linux. i want to get the value that the top command return as CPU usage, memory usage. so how do i do(programming relation)?
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Aug 6, 2010
I've come across a really strange issue with one of my RHEL servers. The "free" command shows that 7019 MB of memory are actually in use by my system, but when summing up the actual usage (or even virtual usage like the example below) it doesn't add up - the sum is far less than what is reported by "free":
Code:
[root@server1 ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 12011 7946 4065 0 4 23
-/+ buffers/cache: 7919 4092
[code]....
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May 24, 2010
How do I find out the network usage ie the total amount of data is transferred in or out of my computer (openSUSE 11.2 and gnome) and keep a track of the total network usage?
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Feb 13, 2016
I have a fairly slow connection over a cell phone tether, and when it's not so slow it's metered and I only get 5 gigs a month of faster data (Straight Talk). It's a wonderful thing to be able to do apt-get update and apt-get upgrade every day but I can't afford the bandwidth. Even trying to upgrade once a month takes several days of downloading.
I never wanted bleeding edge code, I'd rather have something stable. I also use OpenBSD and I update that about every 2 years. I took everything mentioning testing out of my sources.list but it's not clear what should be in there.
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Jan 18, 2010
I have been a long time Windows OS user. I am in the process of learning Linux in a college class that is focused around Ubuntu.I like how in Windows OS that when you lick minimize in a window that the open window will minimize to the task bar. Is there away to do this in Ubuntu 9.10 ? I will need a n00b step by step how to for this one.
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May 29, 2011
When I clock minimize, it exits instead.
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Apr 18, 2011
I was on this fedora OS, Im not sure whats the version.Was running this application, when i tried to minimize it, it disappear.As the guy who install this application has left, I do not know which folder he installed to. hence i used "whereis" and manage to search out the application.I clicked on the application, it load, but it was a enlarged version. after that it just hanged.--Will a hard reboot solve this problem?We tried getting someone to reboot the system, (he said he did) but I still seeing the same thing(application hanged) on my remote console.i know, that need to find the process to kill it, but at the moment i cant even access the cli/command prompt to enter the kill process command
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Oct 1, 2010
Running Fedora 13 with KDE Desktop. When I open a document and minimize it, It dose not show on the panel on the bottom. Therefore I can not re-open it, I have to open a new one. Now I have several minimized thinks in the panel and I can't close them.
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May 25, 2010
i want to add some shortcuts in kde as minimize all windows ... how i caan add this? for example in gnome i added ctrl+alt+home to be a shotrcut key for home folder how i can do this in kde?? when i go to standard shortcut keys it has only app such as juk , ... and in it windows shortcut also there is no such options ,what i must do?
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Jan 30, 2010
I'm so special. For some reason, when i try to minimalize something... ANYTHING! it dissapears. I'm thinking it had something to do with me messing around with Compiz. I have now deleated Compiz, but the problem continues. The effects i turned on in Compiz are also still working. Is there any way to go back the the Compiz default?
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