Ubuntu Servers :: Setting Up Swap That Will Use RAID
Aug 1, 2010
I'm in the process of setting up my very first ubuntu server.
Using 10.04 and has 2gb ram
I am using Ubuntu's software raid (mdadm)
It will be a file server, with 4 hard drives (3 in RAID5 and 1 as a spare)
All 4 drives have 2 partitions:
Partition 1 - 100mb
Partition 2 - The remaining drive space
I setup the first 3 drives' partition 1's to be RAID1 with the 4th drive's partition 1 as a spare. This is where I'm mounting "/boot" (it's my understanding that /boot cannot be on a RAID5). I setup the first 3 drives' partition 2's to be RAID5 with the 4th drive's partition 2 as a spare. This its where I'm mounting. I believe so far I'm setup correctly to be able to deal with a drive failure and the system should operate just fine. What I don't know what to do is with the /swap. I want to retain the ability to be able to operate with a drive going down. But I have also read warnings about putting /swap on a raid. How would you setup /swap?
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Feb 1, 2011
Could any RAID gurus kindly assist me on the following RAID-5 issue?I have an mdadm-created RAID5 array consisting of 4 discs. One of the discs was dropping out, so I decided to replace it. Somehow, this went terribly wrong and I succeeded in marking two of the drives as faulty, and the re-adding them as spare.
Now the array is (logically) no longer able to start:
mdadm: Not enough devices to start the array.Degraded and can't create RAID ,auto stop RAID [md1]
I was able to examine the disks though:
Code:
root@127.0.0.1:/etc# mdadm --examine /dev/sdb2
/dev/sdb2:
Magic : a92b4efc
Version : 00.90.00
code....
Code:
mdadm --create --assume-clean --level=5 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdd2
As I don't want to ruin the maybe small chance I have left to rescue my data, I would like to hear the input of this wise community.
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Jan 18, 2010
I'm breaking into the OS drive side with RAID-1 now. I have my server set up with a pair of 80 GB drives, mirrored (RAID-1) and have been testing the fail-over and rebuild process. Works great physically failing out either drive. Great! My next quest is setting up a backup procedure for the OS drives, and I want to know how others are doing this.
Here's what I was thinking, and I'd love some feedback: Fail one of the disks out of the RAID-1, then image it to a file, saved on an external disk, using the dd command (if memory serves, it would be something like "sudo dd if=/dev/sda of=backupfilename.img") Then, re-add the failed disk back into the array. In the event I needed to roll back to one of those snapshots, I would just use the "dd" command to dump the image back on to an appropriate hard disk, boot to it, and rebuild the RAID-1 from that.
Does that sound like a good practice, or is there a better way? A couple notes: I do not have the luxury of a stack of extra disks, so I cannot just do the standard mirror breaks and keep the disks on-hand, and using something like a tape drive is also not an option.
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Sep 10, 2010
i just got a new motherboard for a router/server at home i got something beefier, the deal is that the raid 0 i've got running on the old chipset is running ubuntu desktop edition and i just wanna install the server edition on the new beefier board, i've a /home partition in the raid if i swap the boards will that crap out what i've got in my /home dir... or can i just swap the boards and make a fresh install on a root partition without messing up my /home partition?
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Apr 4, 2011
I am unable to hibernate my computer while using Ubuntu and I figured out the reason--Ubuntu is not using my swap partition. I would follow the existing tutorials on setting up a swap partition after installing Ubuntu, but since the volume uses hardware RAID 0, the swap partition is not assigned a /dev/ entry (like /dev/sdxx) and I am not sure how I can mount it.
Here is what I have:
Code:
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Nov 25, 2010
How can I add more space to my drive since I only have 1gb of ram and plenty of hard drive space? Right now it does not seem to be utilizing the swap space very efficiently.
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Mar 9, 2011
I used testdisk to undelete some files and in the process accidentally moved my partitions around (swap file was sda5 now it's sda3). Now I am getting the "no swap%" error from Conky. This is in Conky, I've already checked the UUID's with my partitions and fstab file.
# Conky settings #
background no
update_interval 1
cpu_avg_samples 2
[Code].....
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May 15, 2011
I've set a side 80GB on a separate partition, I have 4GB of RAM. I know it will ask me to set /home /root and /swap. How much should I set each one to be with my partition size and RAM.
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Mar 6, 2010
The weirdest thing I have ever saw happened today after i rebooted my server.I have an IDE drive with fedora core 12 installed.I have 4 500g sata drives that I made a FD partition on.
Created the raid using mdadm and had a sh script that assembled and mounted.This worked just fine for 4 days and about 6 reboots.then the other day I noticed an odd amount of net traffic coming in and out of the box and took it down to do some router configuring.
After I brought it back up and ran the sh script, I got a weird error, /dev/sdc device was busy. so I did an fdisk /dev/sdc, and sure enough it had a swap space and boot partition. I deleted em, rebooted and now I'm stuck at the grub screen. Somehow my drive names got fubared and I don't know how to recover my system.
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Mar 20, 2011
(This is for a 100% Clean install)
Q1) I was wondering if it is possible to Dual boot Ubuntu with Windows XP on a 1TB RAID-0 setup ?
Q2) Also, is it possible to create a SWAP partition (for Ubuntu) on a NON RAID-0 HDD ?
Q3) Lastly... I read GRUB2 is the default boot manager... should I use that, or GRUB / Lio ?
I have a total of 3 HDDs on this system:
-- 2x 500GB WDD HDDs (non-advanced format) ... RAID-0 setup
-- 1x 320GB WDD HDD (non RAID setup)
(The non RAID HDD is intended to be a SWAP drive for both XP and Ubuntu = 2 partitions)
I plan on making multiple partitions... and reserve partition space for Ubuntu (of course).
I have the latest version of the LiveCD created already.
Q4) Do I need the Alternate CD for this setup?
I plan on installing XP before Ubuntu.
This is my 1st time dual booting XP with Ubuntu.
I'm using these as my resources:
- [url]
- [url]
Q5) Anything else I should be aware of (possible issues during install)?
Q6) Lastly... is there anything like the AHCI (advanced host controller interface) like in Windows for Ubuntu?
(Since I need a special floppy during Windows Install...) I want to be able to use the Advanced Queuing capabilities of my SATA drives in Ubuntu.
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Oct 29, 2014
Setting up a randomly passworded swap partition in Debian installer with the default settings (aes-xts-plain64 w/ AES-256 key strength) gives the following line in /etc/crypttab:
Code: Select all####_crypt /dev/#### /dev/urandom cipher=aes-xts-plain64,size=256,swap
However according to cryptsetup manpage when using XTS mode the key size must be doubled so in effect the 'size=256' parameter above is actually resulting in AES-128 strength, no? To get 256 bit key length the size option should be set to 512. Quote from cryptsetup manpage:
For XTS mode (a possible future default), use "aes-xts-plain" or better "aes-xts-plain64" as cipher specification and optionally set a key size of 512 bits with the -s option. Key size for XTS mode is twice that for other modes for the same security level.
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Jun 9, 2010
I'm running fedora 13 on a Dell Latitude E6500. It's a dual 64-bit system.
It was working, but then I tried to swap caps lock and control.
I used:
System->Preferences->Keyboard
Layouts->USA->Options
Then, under Control Key Position, I selected swap caps lock and control.
Now, my keyboard won't work in the Keyboard Preferences test area or in any other window or when the screen-lock comes on.
I tried logging out. I tried rebooting. I tried deleting my .gnome2 directory. Nothing seems to work. I can use the keyboard on other accounts, so the keyboard is not the problem.
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Jul 31, 2011
My old xp is too slow, so I am intending on re-installing from scratch. I will first raid 0 my drives. Then install XP, followed by Ubuntu. From browsing on net it seems many people have problems with dual booting. (I did several years back). Any simple Free boot managers that are tried and tested. Can/will do some editing of Boot manager if required.
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Apr 29, 2011
I just built a home computer with 3TB hard drives I wanted to set up in a RAID 5 and load Ubuntu server onto it. The first thing I did was set up the drives in a RAID 5 using just the motherboard chipset software to do it, so a 'hardware' RAID basically. I installed Windows first to see if all the hardware works ok (that seemed the easiest way to verify it) and with the exception of the ethernet card (which needed a driver disk to work) everything was plug n' play and worked wonderfully. After that I booted the Windows install disk again to delete the partitions, hoping Ubuntu 10.10 server would create its own.
The problem I'm having is no matter what I've tried (deleting and recreating the RAID 5 setup, departitioning the drives), whenever I try to install Ubuntu it won't recognize the RAID as a valid disk. Ironically, it did at first, because I installed windows to verify the hardware. The ethernet card wasn't working automatically in the Ubuntu setup, (although it found the unformatted RAID drive), so I installed windows and figured out it was just the drivers that needed to be installed.
So now when I try to install Ubuntu, it finds the ethernet card perfectly and connects to the internet during the installation...but that actually stinks because it's telling me it's still accessing the drivers from the drives that I thought I formatted. Once it gets to the storage part of the installation afterwards, it can't find the RAID drive anymore. I tells me to choose a disk from the list, but the list is blank. So I can't install on it.
If I remove the RAID entirely and just keep the drives as 3 separate IDE drives, it finds every drive perfectly and can install to either one I choose. But I don't want this, I definitely need them RAIDed.
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Jul 2, 2011
New to linux in general and am having issues on setting up a Raid 1 array for two disks on an HP Proliant Microserver which I am looking to be accessible from my windows PC. I have installed the latest version of debian succesfully on a 250GB disk that came with the server. I have added 2 2TB disks which I would like to have in a RAID 1 array and to have visible from windows to store music/videos etc on. I have managed to partition the two disks to FAT32 (which I think is best) and have managed to configure the array so that it shows as active when I use cat /proc/mdstat. I have been following the steps in this article [URl]... squeeze-p2 and trying to adapt it to my situation.
I am stuck on the step to create the file systems using the mkfs command. I try mkfs.vfat /dev/md0 and it comes up with the error mkfs.vfat: command not found. I have tried mkfs -t vfat /dev/md0 and it give the error "mkfs.vfat: No such file or directory" So my question is how can I continue with the process of setting up the array? Or maybe I should be asking is it possible to set up an array with FAT32 formatted disks?
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Feb 8, 2011
I have a Dell Windows7 PC configured with BIOS RAID1. I want to install SLES10 and configure it with Software RAID1. My question is: Do I need to reconfigure the BIOS RAID setting and if so What should it be.
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May 23, 2011
I need to set up a RAID 1 array on Squeeze. I have 3 partitions: sda1 is root, sda5 is home, and sda6 is swap. (sda2 is the extended partition containing home and swap. This was a clean installation, so I don't know what happened to sda3 and sda4...)
All the information that I've been able to find recommends doing something like this:
mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=mirror --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
Do I need to type a separate command for each partition, or is there a better way to do it? Also, should I use the UUID instead of the dev names?
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Apr 19, 2010
I recently installed Ubuntu Server, the 8.04LTS release, on my dad's computer which, for the time being, has to dual-act as both a server and a desktop. Will be running solely as a server pretty soon, though. Anyway - since I was down on the budget and the project I put up the server for is still in a development phase and not worth to invest serious money in (at this stage), it has to run on a computer with the following hardware configuration (I left out the non-important parts):
Code:
Intel Celeron 2.2 Ghz
~500 MB of DDR 333MHz RAM
It has 80 or so GBs of disk space, so I went for the low-mem, high-disk scenario and created a swap partition of 1,5 GB. However, I can notice that is rarely even used! I have set the vm.swappiness parameter to 95 but my swap partition is still not being used, even when the memory usage goes up to 90%. I saw it being used once, but only when the needed memory size exceeded 500.
Does anybody know how to force Ubuntu Server to use the swap partition?
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Feb 15, 2011
After unsuccessfully trying to install Oracle Express I find that for some reason the swap partition on my server disk does not get used.
My setup: 10.10 server x64 on an intel server with two 500gb HDs in a mirror array
This is puzzling, because I definitely created a swap partition for this system and indeed if I look at /etc/fstab I actually have two swap partitions, one on /dev/mapper/[some long raid name]_ar05 and one on /dev/mapper/cryptswap1, but AFAIK this is normal with 10.10.
"swapon -a" fails with this message:
Code:
swapon: /dev/mapper/[raid name]_ar05: read swap header failed: Invalid argument
swapon: /dev/mapper/cryptswap1: stat failed: No such file or directory
there's always the option of using a file on the server's filesystem, but I want to see if this can be fixed. I only have remote access to server via SSH, which makes startup troubleshooting pretty impossible.
I have a local server at home also using 10.10 server 64-bit with an encrypted swap file running on a RAID array, but it does not have this problem.
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Mar 23, 2009
I changed something in the BIOS which causes a kernel panic, if my card is installed (Ultra ATA/133 PCI-to-ATA Host Controller). I had it working fine til a month ago, when I installed some Linux on a HD on that card. That booted fine too, and I did some disk switching. Still all was well, but yesterday I tried to boot XP (2nd IDE master)(GRUB is Ubuntu/2nd IDE slave), and XP wouldn't load. I clicked here, and clicked there, and now XP and Ubuntu boot, ONLY if the RAIDbus card is Out. Put the card in, and I get a kernel panic/lockup. This HAS to be a BIOS function - nothing is different on the disks, including GRUB menu.
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Sep 16, 2010
How can I mirror drives on the hardware level? I have a Sun X2270 server with 4 1 terabyte hard drives and need to mirror two drives.
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Aug 1, 2009
how to setup RAID on a Compaq Proliant DL580 G1 Server. Currently there is no OS installed. I used the SmartStart CD but there is no option to setup RAID. When I put in the boot CD for CentOS 5 it recognizes individual hard drives not a RAID Setup.
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Dec 16, 2009
I am still puzzled by IT guru who still install a server version of Linux using the default partition system. I am curious about what the IT guys in this forum think about this, even when the server is part of a cluster.
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Dec 7, 2010
Lucid on an Acer Travelmate800.Can anyone tell me why I have 0k for swap space? I allocated swap which I can see in my Disk Utility's 'volumes' display.
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Aug 16, 2010
RAM for older machines like I use is fairly cheap these days. But flash memory is just as cheap or cheaper. So I'd like to ask about the feasibility of expanding my system's memory using flash memory. And about whether creating a partition for swap on the flash memory, or whether a swap file on the flash device, is the better way to go.
By flash memory I have in mind mainly USB sticks or what are sometimes called "pen drives." But I do also have CF and SD cards that, with the proper cheap adapter (one of which I already own for adapting CF) could be used to create extra swap space. So, what is the current consensus on the feasibility/advisability of using flash memory for swap? I've read about the limited write cycles of flash being an argument against using it for swap. But recent reading indicates to me that the limited write cycles problem applies mostly to older, smaller-capacity flash memory. Some will come out and say that, for larger-capacity flash memory, the life of the device is likely to exceed the amount of time your current computer will be useful (I think I've seen estimates in the range of 3-4 years life--minimum--for newer, higher-capacity flash memory).
A more persuasive argument I've heard against using flash memory for swap is that access times for these devices can be much slower than SATA, and maybe even IDE, hard drives. That would certainly dictate against using flash memory for swap.
So, how about some input on this issue? Anyone using flash memory for swap? If so, what kind (e.g., usb stick or SD/CF)? Are you using a swap file or a swap partition? How's system performance? Likewise, has anyone had flash-memory-used-as-swap die on them? The consequences would undoubtedly be dire. Also, has anyone measured flash memory access times to confirm or refute claims about slow access times? Are some types of flash memory better/worse than others in terms of access times?
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Jan 16, 2010
I have three WD 1.5 GB harddrives. 2 of them already in a linear RAID also called Concatenated i think. (the same as JBOD). Can i add the third drive to the RAID without losing data? Update "Using mdadm software raid."
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Jan 26, 2010
I have two drive on my Ubuntu server. I have a 40GB IDE 5400RPM and an 80GB SATA 7200RPM.
Is it at all possible to RAID 0 the two of these drive? I know it's pretty unorthodox, but it's what I've got without having to buy anything.
If so, what are the limits, cons, and/or potential pros of doing a RAID of these two?
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Mar 4, 2011
I am attempting to run Ubuntu 10.04 Server on RAID 1 and am consistently hitting the same issue when trying to boot the system for the first time (after what seems to be a successful install of the OS). I am creating the RAID 1 using the directions found in the Ubuntu Server Guide. The error I receive when trying to boot the system for the first time is...
Code:
mount: mounting /dev/disk/by-uuid/f35415ee-4c14-4eb1-995f-f19fbcd760c7 on /root
failed: Invalid argument
mount: mounting /dev on /root/dev failed: No such file or directory
mount: mounting /sys on /root/sys failed: No such file or directory
[code]....
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Jul 26, 2011
I've had this server for a while and I've periodically received similar errors, but it's been worse lately. I'm trying to diagnose and similar posts have left me with 2, maybe 3, ideas about what could be wrong. Here is the setup: Ubuntu Server 10.10 maverick kernel 2.6.35-30-server Sans Digital TR8 8 bay raid - 2 port multipliers to esata outputs 8 1TB WD Caviar Black Syba PCI-e card with Sil3124 chipset - 2 external esata inputs I do not use the RocketRaid 622 card that came w/the enclosure because I had problems with drivers and configuration so I went with the SI chipset. The raid is configured with mdadm, level 10, running ext3 file system:
Code:
root@i5server:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md0 : active raid10 sdb1[5] sdg1[2] sdd1[7] sdh1[3] sdf1[1] sde1[0] sdc1[6] sda1[4]
3906721792 blocks 256K chunks 2 far-copies [8/8] [UUUUUUUU]
[Code].....
What's odd is that the raid dropped out and completely locked up the computer multiple times, then marked one of the drives as failed. I did a readd on the drive and it rebuilt witout issue. Ran e2fsck -f to clean up the problems it had when it crashed, but as soon as I do heavy read/writes the errors start showing up again. This is primarily a media server for music and movies, but also for backups and printing. Heavy read/writes are generally transcoding movies and music which is what I was doing when it failed.
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Mar 20, 2011
Does one need to Check the Swap filesystem, from time to time
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