General :: Where Is /boot Directory Mounted For Multiple Kernels
Oct 4, 2010
I'm running Fedora 12 - Linux 2.6.32.21 with a boot partion on /dev/sdb3 of a hard disk.
I downloaded a vanilla kernel version 2.6.35.4 and have built it and run it successfully. I built this kernel to play with building device drivers.
My grub configuration uses the same root filesystem for my fedora installation as my vanilla 2.6.35.4 kernel; both use the LVM root filesystem. (/dev/sd4 /dev/sdb5 /dev/sdb6)
When I'm running fedora 12 (2.6.32.21) I can see the files in /boot which contains my kernel, system-map, initramfs, grub directory, etc. I also see my vanilla kernel 2.6.35.4 and it's associated support files (map, initramfs, etc.)
My question is when I boot into my vanilla 2.6.35.4 kernel and I look in /boot, I only see my vanilla kernel and it's associated support files. No grub, no fedora kernel. If I do a df -a, I see that /dev/sdb3 is not mounted like it is when I'm running my fedora kernel. I'm confused as to what is going on here. Can anyone shed some light on this?
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Sep 4, 2010
lately I compiled the 2.6.35 kernel and met the following problem: the kernel I get it is a generic kernel so I have two generic kernels. I want to have a possibility to boot both kernels: the new and the old one. I cannot resolve the problem of a creating initrd as mkinitrd run for the new kernel would overwrite the initrd.gz generated for the old kernel. So , I make a new directory where I put this new kernel. Is there a way to have both kernels together in /boot ?
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Sep 8, 2011
I wanted to set ACL for a directory. For that it is important that the device should be mounted as acl on that directory.
But I do not want to add the acl mount in /etc/fstab. So I am tempoararily mounting the device to some temporary directory as acl and setting ACL and then unmounting it. Then, I'm mounting it to the original directory.
The code is below:
tmp="/tmp1/backup"
orig="/mnt1/backup"
dev="/dev/sda2"
mkdir -p $tmp
[Code]....
The group is being changed, but ACL is not set for the directory.
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Apr 24, 2011
After I used Ubuntu Tweak to delete several kernels (versions) of Ubuntu under Package Cleaner, all these deleted kernels in Ubuntu still show up whenever I start my PC as if nothing was deleted.
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Oct 27, 2010
I can't find the place to set the system to keep multiple kernels. For the first time in a long time, updates are giving me grief. I've kept the last working nvidia driver in case I need it.
Now I would like to keep one old kernel when I update to the new one. I had a lab rat that never got rid of old kernels and that was too much. It is possible to keep the last working kernel when you update, isn't it?
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Jan 2, 2010
I recently installed ubuntu 9.10 and a day later updated with all the suggested security and recommended updates. Now I notice that in my Grub there are two different kernel versions listed. Are they both necessary? Can I / should I get rid of the older one, and if so, how?
I ask because after all these updates I notice my computer runs much slower, so I don't want it overloaded with unnecessary software.
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Jan 25, 2010
I am using the latest Nvidia driver from their website on Ubuntu 9.10. I use 2 kernels, the standard kernel for everyday use and the realtime -rt kernel for my music work. On my desktop i have standard ubuntu and ubuntu studio installed but on my laptop its annoying having to have an external hard drive plugged in when i want to record so i just switch between kernels on a standard install. The problem is i have to reinstall the nvidia driver every time i switch between them or if the kernels get updated (which i don't mind so much). Is there any way i can install the driver so that it configures x.conf to work with both kernels without having to reinstall each time?
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Mar 17, 2010
After I messed up badly with my netbook I have to reinstalll the OS, it is a government property netbook that came up with Edubuntu 7.04 insalled on it. I shouldn't mess with the filesystem but I did and now I have to install Edubuntu from the beginning, but I must be sure that everything will just like I have done no change, so I am afraid that I can make some mistakes at this pointThe first thing that I want to know is: Why there are multiple kernels listed at the GRUB (v 1.5)...this is the full list:
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.28.9 Default
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.28.9 Default (recovery mode)
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.28.9
[code]....
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Aug 9, 2011
I am curious if mounting a directory inside an already mounted directory is considered safe? I have done this on an Ubuntu server before but never thought to ask if it could cause problems.An example:
/dev/mapper/Raid5-VMStorage on /var/lib/libvirt/images
/dev/mapper/Raid1-SpareStorage on /var/lib/libvirt/images/Workstations
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Jun 12, 2009
I'm trying to transfer a directory, and all it's sub-directories and their contents, to another FTP server via SSH. I'm using CentOS Server 4.4. I can 'put' a single file, but can't figure out how to do everything at once, which I need to do.
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Mar 18, 2011
I've had enough fighting my glftpd installation by myself, here's the thing.. I got an glftpd server running nicely and all, I've been using the default glftp/site/ directory as incoming/storage/file-folder. However the disk space on my OS-disk is running low and I was hoping to expand the storage with another disk..
I formatted a ext3 disk just as any other and mounted it to a /media/diskdirectory but now what?.. at first I was hoping to merge the disk so that newer files would be stored on the new hard drive while keeping the old ones in place but that seemed hard to achieve so I copied the entire /site/ folder to the new disk so that I could point glftpd to use that directory instead and here's my problem. Simply trying to edit the glftpd.conf or site command change homedir did not work, I have tried mounting, mount --bind, linking(?) all of which without great results.
The mount --bind thing worked though my uploaded files were written to both directories(both hard drives), the old glftpd/site/ and the new mount --bind:ed /media/disk/site directory.Basically I want to use a hard drive that is not the OS drive as the default download/upload directory in glftpd how do I accomplish that?
Of course I tried searching the forums and the glftpd resources available and all I found was an old thread from 2006 that didn't get answered.[URL]..
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Feb 25, 2010
I'm having trouble breaking down permissions in linux. Here's the scenario. I have two users: UserA & UserB with each having to ownership and access to directories myDirA and myDirB respectively.
UserA --> /source/myDirA
UserB --> /source/myDirB
I need to set the permissions so that userA can access myDirA and myDirB. There are other users and directories but they should not be able to view outside of their own directories (which is the way it is now). I don't have groups set up for them and I'd rather not change anything else but just the permissions.
rwxr_x_r_x UserA
rwxr_x_r_x UserB
They're read/write/exec permissions are identical.
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Feb 22, 2011
I will be doing actual development and testing on the same machine as the server. It is a single user machine in the sense that I will be the only one working on the machine. There will be multiple hosted languages, specifically PHP and RoR while possibly expanding later. I'd like the setup to translate well to a production environment. With those 3 things in mind there are a couple of things I've had in the back of mind.Seeing as it's a single user machine I haven't been able to decide whether or not I should be working on things out of my home directory or if they should be located outside of it.I'm feeling that outside of a user directory would be better as it would translate better to a production environment, but I'm also not sure if that will come with any permission annoyances or concerns seeing as I'll be working on the same machine. Hosting multiple languages seems like it may be a bit quirky. With PHP I've found you're generally just dumping the project somewhere in the document root where as something like a Rails app you have the entire project and you only want the public directory in the document root.
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May 19, 2010
I am currently trying to copy a directory of roughly 400GBs to dvd, have gotten myself stuck. I tried to tar and then split; however, I don't have enough room on my hard-drive to make a compressed tar and split it up and then burn to disk, so I need a way to tar the and compress the directory, split it, and burn to disk every 4.3GBs.
I went ahead and installed DAR as an alternative, as I hear it is designed for this type of task, but I can't figure out which way is heads or tails.
my OS is the newest version of ubuntu 10.
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May 10, 2011
I am trying - to no avail - to take an old script I found in the forum help-needed-in-grep-for-tar-gz-658730/ The code:
Code:
#!/bin/bash
if zgrep $1 $2 > /dev/null 2>&1
[code]....
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Apr 7, 2011
I have the following problem:
CASE_FOLDER
----------->0_FOLDER
-------------------->ForceX ForceY ForceZ
[code]...
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Sep 27, 2010
I am using Gentoo Linux and for a while now, the root file system is mounted read-only on booting. For obvious reasons, this is quite annoying as most services do not start up correctly (I do not use a separate file system for /var). After the system is up, I have to log in, remount the root file system read-write, fix /etc/mtab, mount all other file systems in from /etc/fstab and then start up all the missing daemons. I know that there are ways to make a system run properly with a read-only file system, but I would rather restore the old behaviour of a writable root file system.
The strange thing is that after running mount / -o remount,rw, the file system is mounted in writable mode without any errors. I suspected some problem with fsck, but now I have disabled automatic file system checks on the partition (tune2fs -c0 -i0).When I run dmesg, only these lines mention the partition at all, although I am not sure if not something gets lost because /var/log is not writable:
EXT3-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with writeback data mode</code>
EXT3-fs (sda5): using internal journal
The line in /etc/fstab looks like this:
[code]....
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Feb 10, 2011
I am trying to get NFS mounts working properly using autofs, but I'm only getting partially results. I have an auto.master set up for indirect mounts and a list of map files for each entry. Forgot to mention that when I mount the directory using /etc/fstab or setup a direct mount in /etc/auto.master I can see files in the mounted directory...
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Jan 11, 2010
I have 3 disks in my PC which are partitioned equally as I use them for Raid 1.The first partition on every disk is a simple ext2 partition for booting. No Raid there. So I mount them as /boot and /boot2 and /boot3. So I can backup my /boot to the other boot directories. That worked for some month and this morning I just want to look if all directories have enough free space left. So I did a df -h and got this:
Code:
Dateisystem Grove Benut Verf Ben% EingehÃĪngt auf
/dev/mapper/system-root
6,0G 301M 5,4G 6% /
udev 1,5G 292K 1,5G 1% /dev
/dev/sdb1 122M 29M 87M 25% /boot
/dev/sdc1 38M 21M 16M 59% /boot2
...
/dev/sda1 122M 29M 87M 25% /boot
As you can see /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1 are both mounted on /boot
Here is what mount says:
Code:
/dev/sdb1 on /boot type ext2 (ro,acl,user_xattr)
/dev/sdc1 on /boot2 type ext2 (ro,acl,user_xattr)
...
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext2 (ro,acl,user_xattr)
This is no Problem for me as I could just remount it correctly, but I would like to know if this problem is known. I did not change anything by now and this PC is a server which is running 24/7, so I can deliver more debugging Information if someone is interested.
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Apr 19, 2011
I have a server running RHEL6 and a virtual machine also running RHEL6. I created a directory /home/data on the server and another on the VM. When I mount the host directory on the VM, I am not able to change the ownership/permissions through the VM no matter what. The ownership is set to "nobody" and I can't even change it to root.
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Sep 10, 2010
I'm unable to boot my box since the first 2.6.34 kernel arrived.I hoped the second will fix the problem but it didn't.The display just enters in the power save mode after a second and that's it.The system boots fine with the 2.6.33.8-149.fc13.i686 kernel.The lspci result is:
Code:
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82865G/PE/P DRAM Controller/Host-Hub Interface (rev 02)
[code]....
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Mar 2, 2010
Instaled ubuntu 9.10 and i like it more than win xp because you can setup it in your way. Now my problem is when i compile older kernel with my setup and restart ubuntu i get grub with no loads like config is gone or something so i cant boot any of default kernels. I folowed this guide for compile [URL]... because i want to create lan hlds server with 1000hz kernel and have best response and latency server. can anyone confirm is this guide working with this 9.10 version or problem is that i cant set older kernel with newest ubuntu? Compiled few times and annoyed to wait again 2h just to try some other explanations i found on internet.
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Mar 10, 2010
yesterday I removed old kernels via. the synaptic manager- I'm 100% certain I did not removed the latest stable kernel, and the version before- I did however removed the oldest two. Now after restart I'm dead in the water- i cant get past the initial boot- the screen goes black. I i'm running ubuntu 9.10 double-booted with windows vista, and right now I cant even get into vista...
Let's say that I messed up with removing old kernels, and removed sth, that shouldn't be removed- but how does this mess up vista?
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Mar 15, 2010
I can't boot any kernels now, even old ones...
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Sep 17, 2010
I seem to be having a problem booting into ubuntu 10.04 (and 9.10 before I upgraded a while back). It's been ongoing for a while now, but I can't seem to actually even get to the login screen. Some kernels just give me a blank screen, and others hang at the ubuntu logo (http://i.cbsi.com.au/story_media/339...ic-koala_1.jpg). It seems to be totally random, and I can't seem to even narrow down which kernels do what. It seems to be a game every time I reboot. Perhaps it has something to do with the beta 2.6.32-rc6 kernel I installed (by clicking on the .deb) a while back? I'm not too sure how to uninstall it, but I first installed it I think back at 9.04, and it always seems to be the first option in grub. Can I clean out my old kernels somehow? Or is that dangerous?
Maybe it's caused by graphics drivers? "Safe mode" doesn't seem to work any better though. And I can't get to the TTY terminals by <ctrl><alt><1-6> either, which would suggest to me that it isn't a graphics issue? I don't see the login screen, nor do I always see the splash screen.
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Nov 25, 2010
i'm having a problem with every single kernel upgrade since 2.6.32-21.I'm currently upgraded to 10.10 using GRUB2 and LVM disk configuration and all newer kernels (up to the latest 2.6.35-23) crash with the following errors:/init: .: line 61: can't open '/scripts/functions'Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!Pid: 1, comm: init not taintedI've already double checked all the entries in GRUB regarding paths, etc and i can't seem to find any difference between the working 2.6.32.21 and all the others
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Jul 15, 2011
My OS boots with 2.6.35-22-generic, if using more new kernels (2.6.38-8-generic, 2.6.38-10-generic and 3.0.0-0300rc7-generic), the system doesn't boot normally: the monitor doesn't light, upper and lower gnome panels are absent. Machine configuration: Acer Aspire 5734Z, Intel Pentium Dual-Core T4500 2.3 GHz, 2 GB DDR3 Memory, videocard Mobile Intel 4(R) Series Express Chipset Family.
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Oct 18, 2010
I'm having a bit of an issue with Lucid installed via Wubi. I stuck the OS on its own partition (30 GB in size), and don't store any large files in the Ubuntu file system (when I download something large I move it to another hard drive.) I don't have anything wacky or esoteric installed on my system.
I've been consistently having a problem where, after a few hours or a few days of being booted up, Ubuntu warns me that my available HD space is dangerously small. The amount of available HD space Ubuntu sees then shrinks from a few GB to nothing within a few minutes, and the only way I can seem to solve this is to reboot. Taking a closer look at what's happening, my Home folder balloons in size until there's no more writable space recognized. But there are no files being created or added to, so it looks like there's a bug of some sort. This SEEMS to be correlated with watching videos (or maybe it's the pulling of large files from a mounted directory into RAM? My videos are all on another HD, as mentioned before). I can generally go a few days without getting the "low space" message, but I can't seem to make it through a full 2-hour movie without getting the error.
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Jul 8, 2011
I have a problem with sshfs. I want to share a binary with some others computers, but i only want them to be able to execute (no read/write ). So, on my main server, I chown root:root bin & chmod 701 bin. That work nicely on main server, local users can execute bin w/o read/write ... But when I mount directory using sshfs, users cant exec/read/write ...
SSHFS version 2.2
FUSE library version: 2.8.4
fusermount version: 2.8.4
using FUSE kernel interface version 7.12
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Apr 15, 2009
I'm having trouble with an NFS mounted directory on a newly installed 5.3 server.
The directory mounts fine using this command:
However I cannot write to the directory despite it being mounted RW and having read-write access on the host (a Netapp Filer). If I check permissions on the mounted directory, I see it is owned by 'avahi-autoipd':
I have disabled the avahi-daemon in chkconfig, although it wasn't running to begin with. Any idea why this directory would be owned by avahi-autoipd and whether or not that has anything to do with why I can't write to the mounted directory?
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