General :: Debian 5.04 - How To Upgrade Kernel
Jun 2, 2010I have a site to download a debian5.04, install the version found in the kernel is 2.6.26-2-686, and I ask where another higher version of the kernel of debian download
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Debian :: Upgrade Debian 3 Kernel 2.4.18 To Kernel 2.6 Or Bigmem-kernel?
Nov 11, 2010We have a Dell 1850 with Debian with 2.4.18 kernel running some critical applications, now the issue is we need to upgrade the memory to 8 GB but the memory is detected by the bios itself, Operating system is not able to detect it, it is showing 3096MB of memory,
After a lot of googling and the artical in linux.com/archive/articles/119287 :: Got more than a gig of RAM and 32-bit Linux? Here's how to use it i came to know the solution i.e
1)I need to install the Bigmem-kernel to detect the ram more than 4Gb,
2) or change some kernel parameters in configuration file and rebuild the kernel
Is there any another solution for this to update operating system to detect the more RAM
Debian :: How To Upgrade The Debian 3 Kernel 2.4.18 To Kernel 2.6 Or Bigmem-kernel
Nov 9, 2010We have a Dell 1850 with Debian 3.0 (woody) with 2.4.18 kernel running some critical applications, now the issue is we need to upgrade the memory to 8 GB but the memory is detected by the bios itself, Operating system is not able to detect it, it is showing 3096MB of memory. i came to know the solution i.e I need to install the Bigmem-kernel to detect the ram more than 4Gb, Any another solution for this to update operating system to detect the more RAM.
View 6 Replies View RelatedDebian :: Upgrade Debian Stable Kernel From Squeeze Version?
May 26, 2010I've just install debian squeeze version, or the testing one, but I am not really happy with it. Is not listening me all the time. If I install the debian stable I don't have internet connection. Is it possible to update the kernel somehow using the testing version?
View 12 Replies View RelatedDebian :: Gdm Won't Come Up After Kernel Upgrade?
Aug 19, 2010I'm running Lenny with the default kernel 2.6.26. I recently got a wireless card supported by the ath9k driver, so I followed the instructions on this site:http://wiki.debian.org/ath9kwhich had me install a 2.6.32 kernel image from lenny-backports. Everything installed fine without errors, but when I rebooted after the install, after the kernel messages scrolled by and the screen would normally switch to the gdm login screen, all I got was a blank screen with some distorted squares. I used Ctrl-Alt-F1 to switched to a shell and everything looked fine, but when I Ctrl-Alt-F7ed back to X, I got another black screen with distorted images. Any idea what could have caused this from the kernel upgrade, and what I can do?Edit:Here is the end of my /var/log/Xorg.0.log after booting:
(EE) fglrx(0): PPLIB: PPLIB is not initialized!.
(EE) fglrx(0): PPLIB: swlPPLibNotifyEventToPPLib() failed!
(EE) fglrx(0): ulEventType = 0000000c, ulEventData = 00000001
[code]....
Debian Configuration :: Kernel Upgrade 2.6 -> 3.16
Sep 24, 2015I have a MyBookLive where i installed a Debian 2.6 kernel. The system is running fine so far. Because of an error message when apt-get upgrade (udev) i tried to upgrade to 3.16. Here's what i did:
- apt-get install linux-image-xx
- apt-get install linux-source-xx
- extract the source
- copied the old .config from running 2.6 kernel over to the 3.16 directory
- make oldconfig
- make uImage
- make modules
- make modules_install
- copied uImage to /boot
No error messages because its a headless device - its just not booting up.
Debian :: No Log In Screen And GUI After Kernel 2.6.32 Upgrade?
Sep 27, 2010Upgraded Debian Lenny kernel from 2.6.26 to 2.6.32 along with Firmware to make my new wireless Linksys WMP600N card with ralink rt2860 chip on it work. I followed directions exctly from [URL]. I answed "YES" to all button options as there were statements threats there would be problems if i did not answer "yes". Eveything seemed to go OK. Only thing alarming during procedure was a statement " Config files still contain depreciated device names. The following configuration files still use some device names that may change when using new kernel: Etc/fstab:/dev scdo. I figure this file easely editable later so I did not worry.
Pleaseantly greated with new kernel 2.6.32 to boot but it fails to get to the log in screen to select GUI. I have previously been using Gnome and KDE3.5 back and forth.
I get the following mesages that I somewhat abriviated
Failure to start X server, Likely it is not set up corectly. View X server output? "yes" reports x.org.x server 1.4.2..........build OS debianlenny.... Check http:wiki.x.org to make sure you have latest version. Modual present The x server is now disabled.
I then booted old kernel and updated xorg with synaptic, some 52 packages and retried booting the new kernel with same results.
I have navigated to the /var/init.d directory and tried starting both Gnome and KDE by typing "kdm start" and "gdm start"with similar results. What have I messed up?
Debian :: 5.04 - Adding Repos For Kernel Upgrade?
May 2, 2010What repos do I need to add to my list to be able to aptitude install a kernel newer that 2.6.28-X? I'd Prefer the latest 2.6.33-2. I'm running deb 5.04 on powerpc architecture with 2.6.26.
View 5 Replies View RelatedDebian :: Kernel And XServer Upgrade Options ?
Dec 5, 2010I'm just wondering what the options are if one wants to try a 'newer' kernel and/or XServer version.
Either on an installed system or virtual machine (for e.g., Squeeze in VirtualBox).
On an installed system, on Debian Sqeeze (or Testing), if one wants to upgrade to 2.6.36 kernel and/or XServer 1.9, what are the options? I noticed that 1.9 is available in experimental so one has to enable and load the experimental package repository?
As for the kernel, I guess there's a few options? One includes installing the liquorix kernel? Best choice/alternative is compiling?
Debian Configuration :: Kernel Panic After Upgrade
Nov 2, 2015I have a system that was upgraded from Debian 7 to 8. Unfortunately it is not able to boot from the new kernel 3.16. Only the old 3.2 kernel is able to boot. I could transfer a backup, install it in Virtualbox, redo the upgrade and I can reproduce the error..The last error before "panic" is this line
Code: Select all 59.073579] Freeing unused kernel memory: 216K (ffff8800017ca000 - ffff880001800000)
Loading, please wait...
[Â Â 59.226154] systemd-udevd[53]: starting version 215
[Â Â 59.326564] random: systemd-udevd urandom read with 4 bits of entropy available
Begin: Loading essential drivers ... done.
Begin: Running /scripts/init-premount ... /init: .: line 210: can't open '/scripts/init-premount/ORDER'
[Â Â 59.552148] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! exitcode=0x00000200
The directory is indeed empty. I have reinstalled
Code: Select allapt-get install -reinstall initramfs-tools
and rerun initramfs
Code: Select allupdate-initramfs -c -u
Debian :: Squeeze Upgrade Causes Kernel Mess?
Feb 13, 2011Finally ran the upgrade from lenny to squeeze and ran into a few issues. I have to admit this is the first dist-upgrade I've ever had go this badly (kernel issues, xorg issues, mysql transition problems, mythtv... Yikes!).Anyway, the first problem I'm trying to fix is getting dpkg to like the new squeeze kernel. Here's the errors
Code:
Errors were encountered while processing:
linux-image-2.6.32-5-686
[code]....
Debian :: Squeeze Kernel Upgrade Broke Suspend To Ram
Dec 12, 2014Yesterday, I ran a security update that upgraded my Squeeze kernel from 2.6.32-48squeeze8 to 2.6.32-48squeeze9.
Ever since then, my suspend to ram (STR) function is broken.
The machine will suspend normally, but will not resume. When I try to awaken the machine, I can hear the fan in the tower start up (the subject machine is a desktop computer, please see below for specifics), but the machine seems to be otherwise dead (e.g. the monitor stays blank, pressing the "caps lock" key on my keyboard does not activate said keyboard's "caps lock" led, Ctrl-Alt-F[x] has no effect, etc). My only recourse at that point is a hardware reset (ouch!).
I tried running Code: Select allpm-suspend from a terminal, with no joy. Same result running Code: Select allecho -n "mem" > /sys/power/state from a terminal.
I checked the /var/log/pm-suspend.log file and noticed that each Code: Select all...performing suspend line used to (before said kernel upgrade) be directly followed by a Code: Select all...Awake. line, but, now, all said Code: Select all...performing suspend lines are followed by an Code: Select allInitial commandline parameters... line.
Before this, STR has worked well ever since I first loaded Squeeze on this machine back in 2012.
Code: Select allSqueeze 6.0.10; 2.6.32-5-amd64
Intel i7-980 Gulftown CPU
Asus P6X58D Premium Motherboard
EVGA GeForce GTS-450 Graphics Card
G.SKILL Ripjaw DDR3-1600, PC3-12800, 1.5v RAM (6x4GB sticks, 24GB total)
Crucial RealSSD C300 128GB SSD
Western Digital Caviar Black 1TB HDD
Corsair HX850 PSU
[CODE]
Debian :: Laptop Fan Running Loud After Kernel Upgrade?
Mar 16, 2010I'm running Debian Squeeze and last night i upgraded to the latest kernel release. Rebooted and noticed that as the system temp rises the fan runs louder(as expected)t unlike before, it no longer gets quieter as the temp drops again. I didn't really think the OS managed that so bit confused why it is happening.I booted into Windows 7 and with the exact same temps the fan drops back down to a quieter state
View 9 Replies View RelatedDebian :: Volume Group Not Found After Kernel Upgrade
Aug 7, 2015This is a problem about linux-kernel-3.16-0-4-amd64 and LVM, I guess. I decided to write this here in case other users who installed their debian system with encryption enabled experience this problem with a recent kernel upgrade.
I use debian jessie. Today I gave the command:
Code: Select allapt-get upgrade
There was a linux-kernel upgrade to 3.16-0-4-amd64 among other packages to be upgraded.
After this upgrade my computer cannot boot anymore.
I get following error:
Code: Select allVolume group "ert-debian-vg" not found.
Skipping volume group "ert-debian-vg"
Unable to find LVM "volume ert-debian-vg/root"
Volume group "ert-debian-vg" not found
Skipping volume group "ert-debian-vg"
Unable to find LVM "volume ert-debian-vg/swap_1"
Please unlock disk sd3_crypt:
And it does not accept my password.
I used rescue environment on debian jessie netinst iso and decrypted the partition and took a backup of my /home. Now I have not much to lose if I reinstall my system but I still want to fix this problem if possible.
I have reinstalled the kernel using debian jessie netinst rescue iso but nothing changed.
I have Timeshift snapshots located at /home/Timeshift but timeshift --rescue command cannot find a backup device, it sees the device as crypted. If I could restore a snapshot it would be very easy to go back in time and get rid of this problem. It would not be a real solution, however.
There is not any old kernel option in GRUB menu. So removing the latest one does not seem as an option.
Debian Configuration :: Graphic Slow After Kernel Upgrade From 3.16 To 4.1
Sep 24, 2015Intel Core i7-5500U with Intel HD Graphics.So I updated to the backports kernel and backports intel xorg drivers and I have the weirdest thing.Everything is stuttery even cinnamon desktop effects are no longer smooth. If I boot back to 3.16, everything is butter (except the screen corruption). Even my favorite wine game dropped 25% in fps.
I remember that on windows, if the cpu is too slow (pstate_min_speed), graphics is also stuttery. However, increasing /sys/devices/system/cpu /intel_ pstate/min_perf_pct even to 100% didn't do the trick. I suspect, that this measure is causing it: URL....
how to increase the performance again? I just found out, after running glxgears (with about 40 fps), that xrandr shows an available framerate of 40fps
xrandr
Screen 0: minimum 8 x 8, current 1920 x 1080, maximum 32767 x 32767
eDP1 connected primary 1920x1080+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 293mm x 165mm
1920x1080 60.00*+ 59.93 40.00
I guess that's what makes it feel slow. Do you know how to get that back up to 60 (fixed)? It seems like the screen refresh rate set in xrandr has no effect on the problem. When I boot, glxgears runs with 60 fps and everything is fine. After a while, it drops to 40 and the whole desktop keeps stuttering. if I change the resolution with xrandr and then change it back, it goes to 60 again for a while
LVDS_DOWNCLOCK is disabled
Code: Select allsystool -m i915 -av
Module = "i915"
 Attributes:
  coresize      = "1028096"
  initsize      = "0"
  initstate      = "live"
  refcnt       = "5"
  taint        = ""
  uevent       = <store method only>
[code]...
Debian Configuration :: X No Longer Starts After Kernel Upgrade / Fix It?
Jan 31, 2010I have a problem. I'm using the latest Debian stable, Lenny. I am trying to get my usb wifi card working.
The Debian wiki advised me to upgrade my kernel to 2.6.30 using backports, because the drivers for my wifi chip are supposedly in the newer kernel.
So thats what I did. The install went fine. However, after rebooting the computer hangs when it is starting gdm. Only the desktop background appears with some fuzzy stripe over it, the mouse doesn't respond. Pressing ctrl+alt+f1 does nothing. I can only restart with ctrl+alt+del.
I can still use the computer with the old kernel. No problems there. I tryed disabling GDM and rebooting again with the new kernel. It boots up and works fine on command line. However when I type startx it hangs, just like before.
I'm not an expert, but I'm suspecting there might be problems with the graphic drivers in the new kernel.
When I installed lenny at first, X started fine. However 3d acceleration was not functioning. I got help from IRC, I had to install some package to enable direct rendering. Don't remember which one anymore.
Here's what lspci gives for VGA:
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc Rage 128 PF/PRO AGP 4x TMDS
Debian :: Synaptic Will Not Load The 5 Binary CD's After Kernel Upgrade
Oct 21, 2010Af few isssues arised after nessisary kernel upgrad to 2.6.32 bpo.5-686 to allow new wireless card to work. Synaptic will not allow the 5 install CD's to load when I do "reload" It reports
[Code]....
Debian Installation :: Upgrade / System Broken After Moving To 3.16 Kernel
Apr 28, 2015I got a rather big problem since an attempt to upgrade.My debian version is 8.0.I upgraded when apt proposed the change. I did that in two steps, with apt-get upgrade and then apt-get dist-upgrade, with the installation of a new kernel. I moved from 3.2.0-4-686-pae to 3.16.0-4-686-pae.Since the upgrade, I can't boot my system any longer.During the boot sequence, this message appears with a countdown (it's copied by hand) :
Code: Select all(1 of 4) a start job is running for dev-disk-byX2du
At the end of the countdown, the boot sequence starts again, and ends up on an invite to log in as root in rescue mode. I can't connect (maybe due to some azerty/qwerty issue, I got a French keyboard. I tried to type in "qwerty mode", with no success (the password is not prompted)).I can connect with the 3.2 kernel however, selecting it form the grub interface. I can't log in in rescue mode either, but with this kernel the boot sequence goes on and I can log as a regular user or as root, at the end of the boot sequence. There is no X, but the system seems to work.What could I do to make the system boot properly with the new kernel, or to go back to the 3.2 version ?
Debian Installation :: Kernel Upgrade Required Due To Graphics Card
Jun 7, 2015I am tryint to install Debian Jessie on my desktop.My system configuration are:
Processor:- i7 4790k
motherboard:- Z97X-UD3H-BK-CF
ram:- 4GB DDR3
graphics card:- AMD radeon R9 200 series.
I am trying to dual boot here (Debian and Windows 7).I am trying to setup server here (trying my hands on first time.)I am getting the following error on the screen when i select to boot from Debian (windows boots up normally when selected in grub) I have attached the image,it states:-Radeon kernel modesetting for r600 or later requires firmware-linux-nonfree
Debian :: Aptitude Dist-upgrade Without Updating Openoffice.org And The Kernel?
Jun 30, 2010I want to do aptitude dist-upgrade without updating openoffice.org and the kernel.How can i do this?
View 4 Replies View RelatedDebian :: Can't Boot Squeeze - Messed Up The Upgrade Of The Kernel Images
Jul 2, 2010I messed up my install so now I can't boot it. I get errors. I doubt I'll be able to fix it. I messed up the upgrade of the kernel images... I'm not sure whether there's something I could do in the Grub config file... I have one other Linux OS I can use in the meantime (plus Windows OS) so I thought maybe boot that up and check the Debian partition in case there's any files I want to save/keep. If I re-install, is Debian Squeeze LXDE still a good choice? I'm going to install something different in the partition where the other Linux OS is. Right now, it's grub is handling the boot loader. The computer is an old laptop, a Thinkpad T41. The HDD is 160GB.
View 3 Replies View RelatedDebian Configuration :: Wireless Stops Working After Kernel Upgrade?
Aug 17, 2011Testing distribution. Installed Linux 3.0 but left 2.6.32 on as backup. When I boot into the old kernel, wireless mostly works OK, but never when I boot with the new kernel.
Results of dmesg|grep wlan0 on 2.6:
[ 22.005102] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wlan0: link is not ready
[ 28.196774] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wlan0: link is not ready
[ 28.644779] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wlan0: link is not ready
[ 30.688053] wlan0: direct probe to AP 00:19:5b:06:9f:ba (try 1)
[ 30.694053] wlan0: direct probe responded
[Code]...
Noticing the Access Point looked like it needed the MAC address, I ran iwconfig wlan0 ap <MACADDRESS> and sometimes it will work, and wicd can connect to the access point. But sometimes the command fails to run.
Debian Configuration :: Boot Kernel Panic After Upgrade To Backport 2.6.39
Aug 21, 2011I am running Debian squeeze. A while ago I upgraded my kernel to 2.6.38 from backports. Just now I thought it would be good to upgrade to 2.6.39 from backports. Upgrade went fine, but after rebooting I get a kernel panics rightaway.
"No filesystem could mount root, tried:"
"Kernel panics = not syncing: VFA: Unable to mount root fs on unkown-block(0,0)."
This is the first time one of Linux installations halts/panics on booting, so I don't know what to do now. I tried booting the recovery entry from the grub boot menu, but same result.
Debian Multimedia :: Distorted And Defect Screen After Kernel Upgrade To 2.6.32-5?
Dec 24, 2010OS Environment : Debian Squeeze, Gnome, Compiz, kernel 2.6.32-5 Hardwares : Pentium4, ATI Radeon 9600 AGP8x
After upgrading the kernel and restarted, I've been having an issue with the screen. After logged in through GDM, the screen starts distorting, creating small colorful object and blurry
Screenshots :
However, this problem does not exist on tty other than used by desktop ( tty1...tty6 is not affected ) And not in GDM too!!! My GDM shows up nicely, I let it there for hours and no distortion, no strange colors whatsoever.
KMS is enabled ( by default ) as I checked :
$ dmesg | grep drm
[ 5.373278] [drm] Initialized drm 1.1.0 20060810
[ 5.782595] [drm] radeon kernel modesetting enabled.
[Code]....
Debian Hardware :: Synaptic Touchpad Dead After Kernel Upgrade
Nov 28, 2014I'm using debian testing with cinnamon. After upgrading the kernel to version 3.17.2 (but I've also tried the 3.17.3 and 4) the synaptics touchpad died, as if it doesn't exist. I can't go back to the old kernel because the new one has solved a problem about freeze during the shutdown process, so I need it. Note that even with Mint 17, after upgrading the kernel, the touchpad stopped working in the same way.I believe that the touchpad is not seen , rather than loaded .xserver-xorg-input-synaptics and multitouch are installed.$ synclient
Code: Select allCouldn't find synaptics properties. No synaptics driver loaded?
$ xinput list
Code: Select all⎡ Virtual core pointer            id=2  [master pointer (3)]
⎜  ↳ Virtual core XTEST pointer         id=4  [slave pointer (2)]
⎜  ↳ SIGMACHIP USB Keyboard           id=11  [slave pointer (2)]
⎜  ↳ MLK Trust Mouse 15313           id=12  [slave pointer (2)]
[CODE]...
...no signs of life from the terminal, it immediately waits for the next command.
Debian Hardware :: Acer Aspire ES1-311 Freezes After Kernel Upgrade
Jun 4, 2015After upgrading to Kernel 3.1.16-0-4 my Acer Aspire ES1-311 freezes during startup. I can still enter the recovery mode maintainer shell (sometimes), but sometimes it also freezes after giving me the root shell prompt.
View 12 Replies View RelatedDebian Hardware :: With Kernel Upgrade To 3.16.0 Lost WiFi Module
Jun 7, 2015I got notebook HP Pavilion 15-p171nr. Have installed Debian Wheezy. There was some problems, for example with screen brightness (backlight) and it was solved here: [URL] .....
The problem was solved with upgrading kernel 3.2.0 to 3.16.0 from backports... but... with these steps i lost my wi-fi wl module...
It was downloaded somewhere, compiled and worked well until kernel upgrade... For the current moment i can not compile it.
My hardware:
Code: Select all08:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM43142 802.11b/g/n (rev 01)
Within last steps official wiki recommends (my device is in the supported list): [URL] .... but I got problems with compilation... here they are:
I have installed correct linux-headers:
Code: Select allroot@hpnote:/home/yaroslav/Загрузки# apt-get install -t wheezy-backports linux-headers-amd64
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree   Â
Reading state information... Done
linux-headers-amd64 is already the newest version.
[Code] ....
Then I am trying to reconfigure already installed broadcom-sta-dkms package and here is what I got:
Code: Select allroot@hpnote:/home/yaroslav/Загрузки# dpkg-reconfigure broadcom-sta-dkms
------------------------------
Deleting module version: 5.100.82.112
completely from the DKMS tree.
------------------------------
Done.
Loading new broadcom-sta-5.100.82.112 DKMS files...
Building only for 3.16.0-0.bpo.4-amd64
[Code] ......
Debian :: Unable To Install NVIDIA Driver 195.36.24 After Kernel Upgrade?
May 4, 2010After upgrading kernel package to 2.6.32-5 NVIDIA installation gave me ERROR:Unable to load the kernel module 'nvidia.ko'. This happens most frequently when this kernel module was built against the wrong or improperly configured kernel sources, with a version of gcc that differs from the one used to build the target kernel, or if a driver such as rivafb/nvidiafb is present and prevents the NVIDIA kernel module from obtaining ownership of the NVIDIA graphics device(s), or NVIDIA GPU installed in this system is not supported by this NVIDIA Linux graphics driver release.
Here is /var/log/nvidia-installer.log:
nvidia-installer log file '/var/log/nvidia-installer.log'
creation time: Tue May 4 11:49:38 2010
installer version: 1.0.7
[code].....
Debian Configuration :: Hibernate Doesn't Work After Recent Kernel Upgrade?
Dec 15, 2010I recieve the following error:
Cannot find swap device, try swapon -a
/bin/echo: write error: No such device
If I type swapon -a, I get something like this:
swapon: cannot find the device for UUID=4d79c009-9464-41d5-9f78-90644bca9ba3
It worked great before I did the upgrade... I've upgraded to 2.6.37-rc5.
General :: Debian 686 Kernel Total Networking Failure On IbmX60 But 486 Kernel Works
Feb 11, 2011The 486 kernel works just fine, and while I have only 1GB of RAM at the moment I hope to have 2GB someday and would like to take advantage of the dual core CPU, so I would like to configure grub to run the 686 kernel by default. For whatever reason, it runs the 486 right now and the 686 fails in a major way: there is no network connectivity at all. It could be plugged into my cable modem router and it shows no wired connections. The fact that one works and the other doesn't puzzles me since I haven't touched either since the install and a few rounds of upgrades.
I should mention I'm newbie but getting better; I managed to install debian on this x60, yet while preserving the factory install rescue & recovery partition and preserving the factory install MBR so that ibm-specific hardware functions (thinkvantage button, etc.) still work. This required me to use dd to copy the first 512 bytes of my debian partition to a file in the windows partition, etc., and modifying the windows bootloader. (I wish I had learned dd long ago--it rocks). I did this because if I ever resell the X60, the fact is most people use MS Windows and having that partition adds a perception of value to some potential buyers; not to mention I paid $ for it (I was young & stupid) so why should I delete it. I also backed up the recovery partition on another drive using dd over NFS in case the hd ever heads south.
Anyway, I've never been comfy with messing with the kernel. I did once recompile a module for ALSA because it had a bug in it for an old Yamaha integrated sound card on an old PIII and the newer version worked [alsa fails on this x60 too but I think I found a post on here that has a solution I will try later]. But I'm clueless as to networking modules, not to mention the correct module is installed already from Intel for this chipset. So what is there to do?
Here's a clue: the ifconfig output is radically different from the 686 and 486 kernels. Looks like hardware is not being detected since eth0 fails to show:
I would show the diff output below if it weren't so long--and not allowed--upon 2 text files, the first holding the output of modprobe -l under the 486 kernel and the second under the 686 kernel.
